Inclusão de farelo de biofloco em dietas para aquicultura: uma revisão
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22579/20112629.805Palavras-chave:
alimentação, economia circular, nutriçãoResumo
O impacto ambiental gerado pela indústria da aquicultura está relacionado à contaminação da água decorrente da excreção de organismos cultivados, restos de comida, fezes, nutrientes, compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos, condições diretamente relacionadas ao tipo de cultivo, tradicionalmente os sistemas de lagoas terrestres. Por outro lado, a indústria enfrenta uma dificuldade relacionada à necessidade de alimentos de qualidade. O sistema de cultivo de bioflocos (SCB) é considerado uma alternativa sustentável e ecologicamente correta, pois requer uma troca mínima de água e os nutrientes são reciclados pelos microrganismos que ali vivem. Este sistema gera um alto acúmulo de biomassa microbiana que deve ser removida, o que tem sido objeto de pesquisas como ingrediente alternativo na indústria, já que foram demonstradas suas proporções consideráveis de proteína bruta e lipídios. O farelo de biofloco tem sido proposto como uma fonte alternativa de proteína para substituir a farinha e óleo de peixe tradicional, farelo de soja, entre outros. Esta revisão fornece informações sobre o conhecimento atual dos componentes nutricionais, métodos de obtenção, sua inclusão na dieta de organismos aquáticos, sua aplicação na economia circular e uma perspectiva sobre seu uso na dieta de espécies nativas.
Downloads
Referências
Ahuja, S., Larsen, M., & Eimers, J. L. (Eds.). 2014. Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 1386.
Avnimelech Y. 2009. Biofloc technology. A practical guide book (Third Edit). World Aquaculture Society, p. 259.
Azim ME, & Little DC. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 2008;283(1–4): 29–35.
Bali S, R., & Sweet, S. (Eds.). 2021. Sustainable Consumption and Production: Introduction to Circular Economy and Beyond: Vol. II. Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, p. 387.
Ballester EL., Abreu PC, Cavalli RO, Emerenciano M, Abreu L de, & Wasielesky Jr W. Effect of practical diets with different protein levels on the performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis juvenils nursed in a zero exchange suspended microbial flocs intensive system. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2010;16(2):163–172.
Bauer W, Prentice-hernandez C, Borges M, Wasielesky W, & Poersch LHS. Substitution of fishmeal with microbial floc meal and soy protein concentrate in diets for the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 2012;(342–343):112–116.
Binalshikh-Abubkr T, Hanafiah MM, & Das SK. Proximate chemical composition of dried shrimp and tilapia waste bioflocs produced by two drying methods. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021;9:193.
Boyd CE, D’Abramo LR, Glencross BD, Huyben DC, Juarez LM, Lockwood GS, McNevin AA, Tacon AGJ, Teletchea F, Tomasso JR, Tucker CS, & Valenti WC. Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2020;51(3):578–633.
Cala Delgado DL, Alvarez Rubio C, & Cueva Quiroz VA. Proximal and sensory analysis of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fed with fish tanks sediments from a Biofloc culture. Food Science and Technology, 2020;41:870–876.
Caldini NN, Cavalcante DDH, Rocha Filho PRN, & Sá MV do C. Feeding Nile tilapia with artificial diets and dried bioflocs biomass. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, 2015;37(4):335–341.
Chen J, Ren Y, Wang G, Xia B, & Li Y. Dietary supplementation of biofloc influences growth performance, physiological stress, antioxidant status and immune response of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2018;72:143–152.
Colombo SM, & Turchini GM. ‘Aquafeed 3.0’: creating a more resilient aquaculture industry with a circular bioeconomy framework. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2021;13(3):1156–1158.
Dantas EM, Valle BCS, Brito CMS, Calazans NKF, Peixoto SRM, & Soares RB. Partial replacement of fishmeal with biofloc meal in the diet of postlarvae of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014;22(2): 335–342.
Davis, A. (Ed.). 2015. Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture. Woodhead Publishing, p. 403.
Ekasari J, Crab R, & Verstraete W. Primary Nutritional Content of Bio-Flocs Cultured with Different Organic Carbon Sources and Salinity. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 2010;17(3):125–130.
Ekasari J, Kemala Pasha H, & Bamang Priyoutomo N. Utilization of biofloc meal as a feed ingredient for Nile tilapia and common carp. Akuakultur Indonesia, 2018;17(1):9–15.
Ekasari J, Pasha HK, & Priyoutomo NB. Utilization of biofloc meal as a feed ingredient for Nile tilapia and common carp. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 2018;17(1):9–15.
Ekasari J, Setiawati R, Ritonga FR, Setiawati M, & Suprayudi MA. Growth and health performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) juvenile fed with graded levels of biofloc meal. Aquaculture Research, 2019;50(7):1802–1811.
Ekasari J, Suprayudi MA, Elas P, & Senja RK. The digestibility of biofloc meal from African catfish culture medium as a feed raw material for Pacific white shrimp. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 2019;18(1):1–8.
FAO. 2020. The state of world Fisheries and aquaculture. Sustainability in action. Rome, p. 206.
FAO. 2022. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Towards Blue Transformation. https://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/online/ca9229en.html#chapter-1_1
Ferreira GS, Bolívar NC, Pereira SA, Guertler C, Vieira F do N, Mouriño JLP, & Seiffert WQ. Microbial biofloc as source of probiotic bacteria for the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 2015;448:273–279.
Galanakis, C. M. (Ed.). 2022. Sustainable Fish Production and Processing. Academic Press, p. 327.
Gamboa-Delgado J, Rodríguez M GA, Román R JC, Villarreal-Cavazos DA, Nieto-López M, & Cruz-Suárez LE. Assessment of the relative contribution of dietary nitrogen from fish meal and biofloc meal to the growth of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture Research, 2017;48(6):2963–2972.
Gutiérrez-Espinosa MC, & Merino MC. 2021. Manual Práctico para la preparación de alimentos balanceados artesanales para piscicultura (Issue January). Autoridad Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura - AUNAP, Organización de las naciones unidas para la alimentación y la agricultura (FAO).
Hersi MA, Genc E, Pipilos A, & Keskin E. 2023. Effects of dietary synbiotics and biofloc meal on the growth , tissue histomorphology , whole-body composition and intestinal microbiota profile of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured at different salinities. Aquaculture, 570(October 2022), 739391.
Himaja PHS, Rajagopalasamy CBT, & Ahilan B. Performance of Outdoor Biofloc Meal in the Diet of Catla catla, (Hamilton, 1822). The Bioscan, 2016;11(4):2257–2264.
Janjai S, & Bala BK. Solar Drying Technology. Food Engineering Reviews, 2012;4(1):16–54.
Jȩdrejek D, Levic J, Wallace J, & Oleszek W. Animal by-products for feed: Characteristics, European regulatory framework, and potential impacts on human and animal health and the environment. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 2016;25(3):189–202.
Ju Z., Forster I, Conquest L, & Dominy W. Enhanced growth effects on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from inclusion of whole shrimp floc or floc fractions to a formulated diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2008;14(6):553–543.
Khanjani MH, Mozanzadeh MT, Sharifinia M, & Emerenciano MGC. Biofloc: A sustainable dietary supplement, nutritional value and functional properties. Aquaculture, 2023;562(2023):738757.
Kuhn DD, Boardman GD, Lawrence AL, Marsh L, & Flick GJ. Microbial floc meal as a replacement ingredient for fish meal and soybean protein in shrimp feed. Aquaculture, 2009;296(1–2):51–57.
Kuhn DD, Lawrence AL, Boardman GD, Patnaik S, Marsh L, & Flick GJ. Evaluation of two types of bioflocs derived from biological treatment of fish effluent as feed ingredients for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 2010;303(1–4):28–33.
Kuhn DD, Lawrence AL, Crockett J, & Taylor D. Evaluation of bioflocs derived from confectionary food effluent water as a replacement feed ingredient for fishmeal or soy meal for shrimp. Aquaculture, 2016;454(2016):66–71.
Lee C, Kim S, Lim SJ, & Lee KJ. Supplemental effects of biofloc powder on growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2017;20(1):1–7.
Liu, L., & Ramakrishna, S. (Eds.). 2021. An Introduction to Circular Economy. Springer, Singapore, p. 631.
Lunda R, Roy K, Dvorak P, Kouba A, & Mraz J. Recycling biofloc waste as novel protein source for crayfish with special reference to crayfish nutritional standards and growth trajectory. Scientific Reports, 2020;10(1):1–11.
Mabroke RS, El-Husseiny OM, Zidan AENFA, Tahoun AA, & Suloma A. Floc meal as potential substitute for soybean meal in tilapia diets under biofloc system conditions. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2018;37:313–320.
Martinez-Porchas M, Ezquerra-Brauer M, Mendoza-Cano F, Chan-Higuera JE, Vargas-Albores F, & Martinez-Cordova LR. Effect of supplementing heterotrophic and photoautotrophic biofloc, on the production response, physiological condition and post-harvest quality of the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports, 2020;16(2020):100257.
Nates, S. F. (Ed.). 2015. Aquafeed Formulation. Academic Press, Waltham, MA, p. 279.
Nayak S, Yogev U, Kpordzaxor Y, Zhu Z, Gur N, Gross A, & Zilberg D. From fish excretions to high-protein dietary ingredient: Feeding intensively cultured barramundi (Lates calcarifer) a diet containing microbial biomass (biofloc) from effluent of an aquaculture system. Aquaculture, 2023;562(2023):738780.
Neto HS, Santaella ST, & Nunes AJP. Bioavailability of crude protein and lipid from biofloc meals produced in an activated sludge system for white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2015;44(8):269–275.
Péron G, François Mittaine J, & Le Gallic B. Where do fishmeal and fish oil products come from? An analysis of the conversion ratios in the global fishmeal industry. Marine Policy, 2010;34(4):815–820.
Pounds A. 2022. An introduction to circular economy principles in aquaculture. Global Seafood Alliances, October, 4. https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/an-introduction-to-circular-economy-principles-in-aquaculture/
Prabu E, Rajagopalsamy CBT, Ahilan B, Andro Jeevagan JM, & Renuhadevi M. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Biofloc Meal with Tryptophan on Growth and Survival of GIFT Tilapia. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2017;6(8):3426–3434.
Prabu E, Rajagopalsamy CBT, Ahilan B, Jeevagan JMA, & Renuhadevi M. Effect of dietary supplementation of biofloc meal on growth and survival of GIFT tilapia. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 2018;65(1):65–70.
Promthale P, Pongtippatee P, Withyachumnarnkul B, & Wongprasert K. Bioflocs substituted fishmeal feed stimulates immune response and protects shrimp from Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2019;93(2019): 1067–1075.
Ray AJ, Lewis BL, Browdy CL, & Lef JW. Suspended solids removal to improve shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and an evaluation of a plant-based feed in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems. Aquaculture, 2010;299:89–98.
Regueiro L, Newton R, Soula M, Méndez D, Kok B, Little DC, Pastres R, Johansen J, & Ferreira M. Opportunities and limitations for the introduction of circular economy principles in EU aquaculture based on the regulatory framework. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2021;26:2033–2044.
Ruby P, Athithan S, Ahilan B, Rajagopalsamy CBT, & Sugumar G. Influence of biofloc meal on the growth performance of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 2017;17(2):439–445.
Shao J, Liu M, Wang B, Jiang K, Wang M, & Wang L. Evaluation of biofloc meal as an ingredient in diets for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under practical conditions: Effect on growth performance, digestive enzymes and TOR signaling pathway. Aquaculture, 2017;479(2017):516–521.
Tacon AGJ, & Metian M. Feed matters: Satisfying the feed demand of aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 2015;23(1):1–10.
Van Den Hende S, Claessens L, De Muylder E, Boon N, & Vervaeren H. Microalgal bacterial flocs originating from aquaculture wastewater treatment as diet ingredient for Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Aquaculture Research, 2016;47(4): 1075–1089.
Wang C, Pan L, Zhang K, Xu W, Zhao D, & Mei L. Effects of different carbon sources addition on nutrition composition and extracellular enzymes activity of bioflocs, and digestive enzymes activity and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in zero-exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture Research, 2016;47(10): 3307–3318.
Webster CD, & Lim C. 2002. Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. In: CD Webster & C Lim (Eds.), Aquaculture. CABI, p. 418.
Wei YF, Liao SA, & Wang A li. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional composition, microbial community and structure of bioflocs. Aquaculture, 2016;465:88–93.
Zedan AF, Suloma A, & Ahmed R. Inclusion of biofloc meal in tilapia diets and its effect o the structure of zooplankton community under biofloc system condition. Journal of Egyptian Academic Society for Environmental Development. D, Environmental Studies, 2017;18(1):47–57.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Direitos autorais (c) 2023 Orinoquia
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
